Periodic Table Definition in Chemistry

Periodic Table Definition in Chemistry The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements by increasing atomic number which displays the elements so that one may see trends in their properties. The Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev is most often credited with inventing the periodic table (1869) from which the modern table is derived. Although Mendeleevs table ordered the elements according to increasing atomic weight rather than atomic number, his table illustrated recurring trends or periodicity in the element properties. Also Known As: Periodic Chart, Periodic Table of the Elements, Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements Key Takeaways: Periodic Table Definition The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements that is arranged by increasing atomic number and groups elements according to recurring properties.The seven rows of the periodic table are called periods. The rows are arranged so that metals are on the left side of the table and nonmetals are on the right side.The columns are called groups. Group contain elements with similar properties. Organization The structure of the periodic table makes it possible to see relationships between elements at a a glance and predict properties of unfamiliar, newly discovered, or undiscovered elements. Periods There are seven rows of the periodic table, which are called periods. Element atomic number increases moving from left to right across a period. Elements toward the left side of a period are metals, while those on the right side are nonmetals. Groups The columns of elements are called groups or families. Groups are numbered from 1 (the alkali metals) to 18 (the noble gases). Elements within a group display a pattern with respect atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy. Atomic radius increases moving down a group, as successive elements gain an electron energy level. Electronegativity decreases moving down a group because adding an electron shell pushes the valence electrons further from the nucleus. Moving down a group, elements have successively lower ionization energies because it becomes easier to remove an electron from the outermost shell. Blocks Blocks are sections of the periodic table that indicate the outer electron subshell of the atom. The s-block includes the first two groups (the alkali metals and the alkaline earths), hydrogen, and helium. The p-block includes groups 13 to 18. The d-block includes groups 3 to 12, which are transition metals. The f-block consists of the two periods below the main body of the periodic table (the lanthanides and actinides). Metals, Metalloids, Nonmetals The three broad categories of elements are metals, metalloids or semimetals, and nonmetals. Metallic character is highest at the bottom lefthand corner of the periodic table, while the most nonmetallic elements are in the upper righthand corner. The majority of chemical elements are metals. Metals tend to be shiny (metallic luster), hard, conductive, and capable of forming alloys. Nonmetals tend to be soft, colored, insulators, and capable of forming compounds with metals. Metalloids display properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Toward the right side of the periodic table, the metals transition into nonmetals. There is a rough staircase pattern- starting at boron and going through silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium- that identified the metalloids. However, chemists increasingly categorize other elements as metalloids, including carbon, phosphorus, gallium, and others. History Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer independently published periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively. However, Meyer had already published an earlier version in 1864. Both Mendeleev and Meyer organized elements by increasing atomic weight and organized elements according to repeating characteristics. Several other earlier tables were produced. Antoine Lavoisier organized elements into metals, nonmetals, and gases in 1789. In 1862, Alexandre-Emile BÃ ©guyer de Chancourtois published a periodic table called the telluric helix or screw. This table was probably the first to organize elements by periodic properties. Sources Chang, R. (2002). Chemistry (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-19-284100-1.Emsley, J. (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Gray, T. (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the military geniuses of American history, was born July 13, 1821 in Bedford County, Tennessee. Nathan Forrest was the son of William and Marian Beck Forrest. Nathan's father Willaim died when he was only 16. Forrest rose from poverty to become a wealthy cotton planter, horse and cattle trader, real estate broker, and slave dealer. Nathan Forrest was perhaps the most interesting and controversial general of the civil war. This almost illiterate backwoodsman was a self-made millionaire who enlisted as a private in the Confederate Army in June of 1861 and with no prior military training rose to the rank of lieutenant general in 1865 and has also been called the greatest cavalry commander of either army. Without military education or training, he became the annoyance of Grant, Sherman, and almost every other Union general who fought in Tennessee, Alabama, or Kentucky. His formula for success was "get there first with the most men." Forrest w!as fe arless and brutal. "War means fightin' and fightin' means killin'," he explained. His nemesis General William Tecumseh Sherman called him "a devil" and declared that Forrest should be "hunted down and killed if it costs 10,000 lives and bankrupts the treasury." It is said that Forrest personally killed 31 men and had 29 horses shot out from under him. Forrest left his mark throughout the Western and at many sites in West and Middle Tennessee. During the years General Nathan Bedford Forrest was a leader he fought in many wars. At the Battle of Fort Donelson, where 13,000 Confederates surrendered to General U.S. Grant, Forrest declared that he had not come to surrender and led his men through swollen rivers and winter weather to the safety of Nashville. At Pittsburgh Landing he charged and routed a line of Union skirmishes by himself in defense of the retreating rebel army. In Murfreesboro, Tennessee he freed a garrison jail

Interior Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interior Design - Assignment Example With the fascinating variety of experiences, but textural and cultural to dip into, there has never been a better time to be an interior designer, or interior architects as we are often known as. The first and most noticeable challenge that our profession faces is control over the gradual but inexorable dominance of technology. The curricula in colleges are software specific, to the extent that in cases the act of design itself is limited by what can be designed then displayed with the available software. Design firms use colleges like training grounds for their own recruitment, by encouraging instruction in software and technology used by their firm. The use of technology in all its forms is a boon without a doubt, but the challenge is the need to propagate the use of technology as a tool, rather than as a set of design-defining parameters. Another challenge that is faced by the field of interior design is the corporatization of the field, where a relatively small group of design firms amass the resources and the means to dominate every aspect of the profession.. To deal with this, Interior designers have to redefine themselves and the way they project their skills and their profession, so as to enable their potential clients to see the innate value in personal interaction.

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens Literature review

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens - Literature review Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, opportunities to develop cancer treatment demonstrated promising results (Haffner et al., 2001; Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002; Fijak and Meinhardt, 2006; Park, Lin, Nishidate, Nakamura & Katagiri, 2006;   Tabi and Man, 2006;   Ã‚  Hayashi et al., 2007; Meklat et al., 2007; Dakshinamurthy, Ramesar, Goldberg and Blackburn, 2008; Hunder et al., 2008; Old, 2008; Caballero and Chen, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Dubovsky et al., 2009; Fard and Modaressi, 2009; Vujanovic and Butterfield, 2009). Consequently, pioneering research in the search for effective cancer vaccines has produced cancer/testis antigens such as MAGE, GAGE, and NY-ESO-1 which are currently undergoing clinical trials (Mashino et al. 2001; Bowlus, 2007; Gierstoff and Ditzel, 2008). Each year more cancer/testis antigens are being identified, creating more opportunities for research and increasing the chances of developing cancer vaccines that can be used not only for treatments, but for prevention as well (Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002). Also, research on cancer/testis antigens has brought to light important discoveries on how mechanisms of cancer development work at a molecular level (Alters, 2000; Old, 2001; Gjerstoff, Kock, Nielsen and Ditzel, 2007; Delbridge, 2010; Inagaki, Schoenmakers and Baarends, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2010). Moreover, studies on the link between chromosomes and immune responses reveal that some cancers are more prevalent in males than in females. In addition, results also show that females may have higher cancer survival rates but are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases (Libert, Dejager and Pinheiro, 2010). Further research on the role of cancer/testis antigens should be conducted, particularly in determining the mechanisms that initiate cancer in the first place. Also, further studies should be performed to developed better cancer diagnostic methods and combination immunotherapy

Come a-knocking on Deaths door Essay Example for Free

Come a-knocking on Deaths door Essay The Ode is used as a poetic form for philosophical contemplation. Compare two odes by Keats in the light of this observation How much do you agree with the statement: John Keats was unfortunate in his upbringing to some extent? On one hand there was a chance for a budding surgeon but he gave that away to his literary awakening which drew him to write odes such as the ones I am going to analyse. Personally, learning about his life prior to literature, I feel that the situations he dealt with, at such a young age were remarkable but perhaps had he not faced those decisions, he wouldnt have come to write such poetry brimming full with philosophical contemplation. John Keats was born on the October 31st, 1795 in Finsbury Pavement, near the centre of London. He learnt to deal with death from an early age as his father died in an accident when he was only eight years old. Seventeen years later in 1810, his mother died due to consumption, leaving John in the care of his grandmother. Subsequently, under the care of guardians he left school to become an apprentice to a surgeon. Unfortunately, before the completion of his apprenticeship, John had a quarrel with his master and therefore left to pursue a stronger path in literature, deftly in the company of his good friend Cowden Clarke. Three years of receiving scarce and negative feedback on his sonnets and poems, John was once again in the presence of a dying man: this time it was his brother. Tom Keats was also taken by consumption in 1818. Though by this time, distinct signs had begun to show in the decent of Keatss own health. Keats himself was fighting illness and death in his latter years. Despite the fact of his deteriorating wellbeing, Keats continued to delve deeper into love and time. His mental understanding of what lies beyond was perhaps something that I could never even begin to contemplate. His dying wish was to have the words: Here lies one whose name was writ in water, on his gravestone when he died on 23rd February, 1821. Writing his most famous odes in his dying years was a sign of great character; I think that being able to face such a prospect of dying young, his mind matured faster than that of others. Increasingly throughout the odes, I can see that John has indeed spent many thought provoking sessions in front of the artefact he describes. He sees, he feels, he waits and then he writes. The form of poetry which Keats was most celebrated for was the Ode. This style of elaborate and stately lyric poem was lengthened or shortened at the whim of the poet. However, the basic arrangement of the stanzas was patterned in sets of three a strophe and an antistrophe, of which both had an identical metrical scheme, and an epode, which had a structure of its own. Dating back to the Greek choral songs, the ode has appeared in many centuries over the world. Roman poets such as Catullus took the form of poetry to their own meaning. The ode was generally used to express strong emotions that flooded the poets mind at the time, the poet would be transfixed onto the idea and he would try to convey his meaning through the literary form.

An Annotation of The Gift Outright by Robert Frost Essay -- Robert Fro

An Annotation of The Gift Outright by Robert Frost In "The Gift Outright," Robert Frost traces the development of American culture from colonial times to a more present perspective. He tells the American story of colonialism, freedom, westward expansion, and the quest to develop a specifically American culture. In doing this, he focuses on explaining ways in which Americans supported the growth and development of their country and culture. Frost suggests that Americans showed their allegiance to their developing country and culture in several ways: battlefield bravery, commitment of talents to the good of the country, and dedication to expanding the United States' land and power. His reflection on the past is also a call for action in the future. He acknowledges that American culture is still not fully developed and the continued dedication of Americans, like occurred in the past, is required for the United States to recognize her full potential. The Gift Outright By Robert Frost The land was ours before we were the land's. She was our land more than a hundred years Before we were her people. She was ours In Massachusetts, in Virginia, But we were England's, still colonials, Possessing what we still were unpossessed by, Possessed by what we now no more possessed. Something that we were withholding made us weak Until we found out that it was ourselves We were withholding from our land of living, And forthwith found salvation in surrender. Such as we were we gave ourselves outright (The deed of gift was many deeds of war) To the land vaguely realizing westward, But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced, Such she was, such as she would become. The "belonging" discussed in line one immediately establishe... ...een physical and cultural American growth. Although the early country was growing in land and although the Americans had surrendered their talents, Frost ironically says that Americans were still "unstoried, artless, and unenhansed." This final statement of the poem seems to imply that Frost saw that citizens' unity was really created by "the gift outright" of talents and work, but that the American culture they were seeking to make is still unfulfilled. Throughout the poem, Frost does seem to be saying that Americans were making advancements towards creating an American culture, such as when Americans "found salvation in surrender." In the end, though, Frost realizes that America is still "unstoried, artless, and unenhanced" and presents Americans again with the persistent goal of giving themselves outright in order to continue to build a uniquely American culture.

Drug and Crime Prevention Essay

The purpose of the Final Project is for you to demonstrate your understanding of crime prevention programs and the role crime prevention plays in the overall criminal justice system. You may select a crime prevention program that addresses law enforcement, the courts, or corrections; or it may be a comprehensive program that addresses all three. The program may address the adult justice system, juvenile justice systems, or both. For the purposes of this assignment assume, you are preparing a proposal to a city, county, or state governmental body to recommend the implementation of a crime prevention program within their jurisdiction. You need to demonstrate the value of the crime prevention program and its effectiveness in reducing crime thus reducing the overall costs to the jurisdiction or building value that improves the effectiveness of crime prevention to the community justifying the additional expenditures. Your proposal will include: 1. A summary of the jurisdiction (i.e., city, county, or state) and the portion of the criminal justice System your proposal is designed to address. 2. An analysis of the current trends from three comparable cities in population size, utilizing the SARA Model and the Crime Analysis Triangle. (Note: Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps , Steps 7 and 8). You will compare the data from three comparable jurisdictions and compare it to national data. 3. A determination of the appropriate crime prevention strategy for the jurisdiction based on this analysis. 4. A review of academic literature and studies on the various crime prevention programs to address the needs of the community. How does the crime prevention program address social justice issues†¦ To download this material Click this link – https://bitly.com/1wyPezy There is no one to clean up after you and cook healthy meals at college. Some indulgences are okay, but still maintain a nutritious diet, get proper sleep, and take care of yourself and your possessions. Take care of yourself well, study appropriately, attend all your classes and follow a regular schedule. You can get ill from being too stressed or not eating healthy enough.

Aliens, Go Home

Should illegal immigrants be sent back to their countries, or should they be granted amnesty? Is this a question of morality or of uncomplicated national policy?Granting amnesty for illegal aliens forgives their acts of illegal immigration and implicitly forgives other related illegal acts such as driving and working with false documents (www.usamnesty.org). Why should a national policy be bent to such extremely unreasonable extent?If the matter is about morality, it will be highly subjective as morality is prone to being understood from too many various perspectives, the result of which can be too complicated to deduce into a single stand.However, if the matter is about uncomplicated fundamental national policy, which states that illegal immigrants should be punished because they clearly broke the law, the matter becomes very basic and very easy to see.Illegal immigrants are lawbreakers. Why spare them of the punishment that they have prepared themselves for in the moment that they decided to break the law? It does not make sense.Even though statistics from various polls illustrate that most Americans are in favor of granting illegal immigrants the amnesty (USA Today) they need to subsequently get a green card, it is still not a good thing to do.For one, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is tantamount to admission of a weak national policy, ergo, a weak national system. Why create a law that you’re ready to break?If you’re changing your laws for the convenience of people who were ready to break them, what is now the distinction between the ruler and the subordinates? Much worse, who is now ruling in the country that had created the laws in the first place? Aliens?Second, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is unethical. At the risk of crossing the borders of morality issues, illegal immigration is first and foremost an issue of ethics. Illegal immigrants might argue that they have the right to exercise freedom of movement; however, freedo m of movement only applies to movement within national borders (Wiki).Third, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is a crystal clear invitation to future lawbreakers. Regardless of any reason for such an act, which others deem reasonable and humane, the truth of the matter is that it will eventually backfire and bring forth more trouble than ever. Future offenders are watching.If they see that there’s a way to get away with being an alien, then they will fear less about breaking in borders and entering a different country. Then the weak system will be subjected to an unimaginable, albeit invited chaos, coming from different nationalities, into one nation. What good will it do, considering all the possible clashing of cultures and vanishing centuries-old traditions?Each country has had a way of living that is distinct from the other. One way of preserving this is restricting the number of immigrants and standing guard against the destruction of old and protected cultures. No country will succeed in doing this if illegal immigrants are tolerated beyond what national laws provide for.Fourth, an increasing threshold for the tolerance of illegal immigrants will inevitably give way to the entrance, proliferation and perhaps subsequent tolerance of human and drug trafficking, which is a nightmare for a country that is supposed to protect its constituents. (americas.org)Having said the four major reasons for eliminating the possibility of granting amnesty, this paper will now enumerate reasons why illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries with a definitive malicious record of being an alien at least once.Immigration amnesty can potentially benefit a massive 12 to 20 million illegal immigrants currently living in the United States. (www.usamnesty.org)This number of people should be sent back to their countries because, for one, they are law breakers. Second, if they could ignore their own countries laws, what good can they do for the country th ey moved in? Considering this massive number of people, would it be much surprising if criminal acts increase in a nation?This is not to say that undocumented aliens are automatic criminals. But consider this, won’t any one of them be suspect?Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration. Spain, for one, has created more than half of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years, and is now a destination for undocumented aliens. These jobs should go to the people of Spain, not to the aliens!The thing is, the matter is not about what majority thinks, but simply, it is about what is right. Illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries and be marked, so that other countries will take note that they were lawbreakers once, and so the undocumented aliens could feel the magnanimity of the offense they have done.It is bad enough that some people have trouble following the law. How much worse could it be if a country creates a system where law s can be break and amnesty can be granted such that any potential offender could feel free to follow in the footsteps of those who had broken the law before them?

Free Essays on Abandonment Of The Jews

The Abandonment of the Jews By David S. Wyman â€Å"To kill the Jews, the Nazis were willing to weaken their capacity to fight the war. The United States and its allies, however, were willing to attempt almost nothing to save them† (Pp 5). If we would have put half as much energy into loving the Jews as Hitler spent hating the Jews we could have made a great difference. Wyman’s book, The Abandonment of the Jews was very intriguing to me. Although I found it very thorough it left me wanting to know how something this horrible could have been allowed to happen. Although Wyman does discuss why more was not done, I am still horrified that this was allowed to happen. Wyman proves that the US should and could have done more to help the dying Jews. I found a reoccurring theme to be that a large problem was that Jewish people had nowhere to go. No one wanted them. The book begins by giving a brief background into the setting of America at the onset of the war. It details an anti-Semitic America. It also explains most of the anti-Semitism as passive, which ordinarily would do little harm, but during a holocaust crisis became a reason for America’s inaction. The book then jumps right into the emergence of information that became available. The first major report was the Bund report. This estimated the number of victims to already be over 700,000. This report and the ones to follow were hard to believe. The state departments skepticism kept the news from reaching the media for several months. They were convinced that the deportations were for slave labor even though this explanation has huge flaws. As more reports of the mass murders developed they were finally confirmed, 17 months after the first killing began. One of the first steps taken was that seven different Jewish organizations came together to form the Temporary Committee. They decided on 5 steps of action and after obtaining them they dissolved the committee without... Free Essays on Abandonment Of The Jews Free Essays on Abandonment Of The Jews The Abandonment of the Jews By David S. Wyman â€Å"To kill the Jews, the Nazis were willing to weaken their capacity to fight the war. The United States and its allies, however, were willing to attempt almost nothing to save them† (Pp 5). If we would have put half as much energy into loving the Jews as Hitler spent hating the Jews we could have made a great difference. Wyman’s book, The Abandonment of the Jews was very intriguing to me. Although I found it very thorough it left me wanting to know how something this horrible could have been allowed to happen. Although Wyman does discuss why more was not done, I am still horrified that this was allowed to happen. Wyman proves that the US should and could have done more to help the dying Jews. I found a reoccurring theme to be that a large problem was that Jewish people had nowhere to go. No one wanted them. The book begins by giving a brief background into the setting of America at the onset of the war. It details an anti-Semitic America. It also explains most of the anti-Semitism as passive, which ordinarily would do little harm, but during a holocaust crisis became a reason for America’s inaction. The book then jumps right into the emergence of information that became available. The first major report was the Bund report. This estimated the number of victims to already be over 700,000. This report and the ones to follow were hard to believe. The state departments skepticism kept the news from reaching the media for several months. They were convinced that the deportations were for slave labor even though this explanation has huge flaws. As more reports of the mass murders developed they were finally confirmed, 17 months after the first killing began. One of the first steps taken was that seven different Jewish organizations came together to form the Temporary Committee. They decided on 5 steps of action and after obtaining them they dissolved the committee without...

The Protruding and Dominant Meanings of Boss

The Protruding and Dominant Meanings of Boss The Protruding and Dominant Meanings of Boss The Protruding and Dominant Meanings of Boss By Mark Nichol Boss has two distinct meanings, and though one might seem to be able to draw a connection between them- they both refer to something that stands out among others- they have different etymological origins. The earlier, and less prevalent, meaning is â€Å"protuberance,† from a Latin word of uncertain origin by way of the Old French term boce, meaning â€Å"swelling.† The word usually pertains to the protruding central component of a shield, which helped the bearer ward off blows from an opponent. The derived verb emboss and adjective embossed, formed by the attachment of a prefix meaning â€Å"in† or â€Å"into,† refers to raised ornamentation or inscription in general. Boss also refers to the hub of a propeller, a projecting stone block in a wall or other architectural element, a similar naturally occurring feature in geology, or a pad used in some crafty endeavors such as ceramics and glassmaking. Interestingly, bocle, a variation of the Old French precursor, is also the source of buckle, both a word referring to a ring of metal (or other material) used for fastening or the act of fastening something to it and a word meaning â€Å"bend out of shape,† and buckler, the name of a small, round shield (and the resulting term swashbuckler, referring to a literary genre involving feats of derring-do; the term is perhaps inspired by the image of a buckler-wielding hero). The dominant meaning of boss, that of â€Å"supervisor,† is from the Dutch word baas, meaning â€Å"master† (and possibly originally meaning â€Å"uncle†). The term was used to refer to the person in charge of a Dutch ship. (In English, the technically correct word is master, though it has been largely supplanted by captain.) The adoption of the Dutch term into English may be influenced by the assimilation of Dutch colonies in North America into the British colonies in the 1600s, with the attendant infiltration of Dutch vocabulary into American English, but it also may reflect an effort among Americans after the Revolutionary War to distance themselves from a term used by the English, and later from one that slave owners expected their slaves to use (though some slaves addressed their owners as â€Å"boss† as well). Boss also entered the language as a slang adjective meaning â€Å"excellent.† This first occurred in the late 1800s, but it returned to use in the 1950s and again in the 1970s, in similar usage as a synonym for cool. Another adjectival form is bossy, originally from the sense of â€Å"swelling† and meaning â€Å"projecting† or â€Å"decorated with bosses† but subsequently assigned to the later meaning, referring to someone who is domineering. And although the plodding, stubborn, mooing behavior of cattle may be interpreted as being bossy, that word as an endearing proper name for a cow is unrelated; that term stems from the Latin word bos, meaning â€Å"cow,† from which beef and bovine are derived. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"10 Techniques for More Precise Writing"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

The Emancipation proclamation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Emancipation proclamation - Essay Example The declaration settled the state’s aspect towards complete abolition of slavery. Although Lincoln, the President of the United States, gave the directives to release all the African American slaves, it was only the beginning of the end of slavery. Slavery was taking place in all states, in the United States before the declaration. America by the dates of the Emancipation Proclamation was approaching its third year in the civil war. The declaration of freedom to all African American slaves had an instant and weighty effect on the progress of the war. The proclamation by President Lincoln had been carefully anticipated because he had proposed the idea to his cabinet several months before its announcement. The emancipation of Proclamation was a declaration to free all African American slaves, but it was unsuccessful, it was only the beginning of the end of slavery. The declaration saved the Union since freeing the slaves, then became a certified war target because it gathered passionate responses from both the South and the North. The proclamation led to the ending of the civil war that was taking place. As a result of the proclamation, African Americans were allowed to join the Union’s armed forces that saw almost 200,000 African Americans joining to uprightly serve in the armed forces by the end of the civil war. As time progressed, the Whites put the African Americans through other forms of slavery. This is because the Emancipation Proclamation had been limited in several ways. The declaration only applied to the states that had withdrawn from the Union, leaving slavery intact and untouched in those states that were loyal. It also deliberately excused parts of the Union, which had come to be controlled by the North. The proclamation had been made, but it was so sad when it was realized that its validity depended on the military trium ph of the Union (NA & RA 2014). The Emancipation Proclamation might not have ended the African

Bioinformatics and gestational diseases Lab Report

Bioinformatics and gestational diseases - Lab Report Example Further research is indicated. Introduction Preeclampsia is a gestational disease of fairly common occurrence. It has effects of varying severity, and may in its worst forms cause a risk to the survival of both mother and fetus [1]. It is primarily linked to high blood pressure during pregnancy, and the risk of suffering from the condition is greatly increased with chronic hypertension in the mother [2]. However, it may also be linked to genetic factors in the fetus and the mother that affect the growth of the placenta, especially the vascular layout of the placenta [3]. Despite the potential severity of the condition and the amount of research conducted, the ultimate cause of preeclampsia is still unknown [4]. Genetic analysis methods have been used in an attempt to determine what genes and proteins associated with those genes are linked to preeclampsia. Coding these genes could allow a statistical determination of risk as well as a codification of the risk factors [5]. Therefore, t his paper will look at the current accepted statistical determinants surrounding preeclampsia and what is currently known regarding the genetic risk factors. Materials and Methods A search was done on Google Scholar for the keywords â€Å"preeclampsia† and the alternative spelling â€Å"pre-eclampsia† and the phrase â€Å"preeclampsia risk†, also with the alternative spelling. Precedence was given to those results that were located in journals with the words â€Å"bioinformatics†, â€Å"statistics†, or â€Å"molecular† in the titles, though this was not completely exclusive. This was done in order to obtain studies in the field of bioinformatics that were related to the gestational disease preeclampsia. An additional search restriction was added to that the articles had to be published after 2005, to ensure that only recent results that are currently considered to be accurate are used. An additional search was done on ScienceDirect and PubMe d for relevant articles. However, the parameters above returned no results within the ScienceDirect database and very few on PubMed, so the search was re-done with slightly different terms. The search was designed to restrict only to journals generally in the subject areas of molecular genetics or bioinformatics, but may not have had those keywords in the journal name. The same set of keywords was used, with the additional keywords of â€Å"molecular genetics† and â€Å"bioinformatics† in separate searches added to the phrases. Relevance was determined if the article had certain key factors in the abstract when first viewed. These included the words â€Å"risk factors†, â€Å"gene†, â€Å"allele†, or other keywords relating to genetic sequencing and its use in determining risk for preeclampsia. Therefore, the article was determined to be relevant if it appeared to be related to statistically quantifying or codifying the genetic risk factors for pre eclampsia Results One suggested genetic risk factor for preeclampsia was the rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase 2, or the ROCK2 gene. The ROCK2 gene is located on chromosome 2p25, which previous research has suggested has a link to preeclampsia. However, the gene itself appears to be unrelated to preeclampsia, as when a group of patients were sequenced, there was no correlation between those who had preeclampsia, those who did not suffer from the condition, and the presence or absence of the gene