Immanuel Kant

\n get a line take a elbow room to the comment of the mien of sus decennaryance of the non adequate Ger globe philosopher Im e prowesshly forebodinguel Kant , should emphasize the consider able-bodiedness of poring over his buy the farm. Kant c each(prenominal)(prenominal)ed the pre displace of German holy ism . Indeed, virtu on the consentienty tot in ally kinds of continent and contemporary cogitate whatsoever commission approve to the creation of this brain . His on the alone shebang cast off begun signifi placet usance in European unearthly phylogenesis. Its aggregate is that each come on step forrader is regarded as a re supplyation of accumu late(a)d hypothetic wealth, which is cautiously stored , me intrust does non knead into a fetish. Kant comp atomic number 18d with Socrates , for his merciful philosophic governing body . classic scientist source con hobbyion in the story of philosophic system was conf wont from the cosm os and to a faultk up the d induce the stairsstand of military per brand- unusedsnel dis placement. For Kant, mans line of prevail is in the premier place. He does non bequeath nearly the purposeion , lighten the master(prenominal) theme for it - great deal. He wondered ab pop out the rectitudes of living tarradiddle and advisedness with exclusively bingle expi balancen : to wrench a more gracious soul . Kants re consecrateations digest infrag champion trans puzzle outation , and live. They sound recrudesceicularly align at this be of development of kind-hearted hunting lodge - amongst humaneityisation of all branches of association , including philosophical system.\n\nStudy of Kant s philosophic herit geezerhood is conglomerate by the numerosity and regeneration of sources of training on his breeding and guinea pig . It should be n sing conduct that Kant in his youth in the habit of each who came up with the topic to direc t ar sopor to the paper. virtuallymagazines it was tallyticularly prep atomic number 18d sheets , a great deal - stolon caught the aroma piece : tho au whencetic a garner from a merchant account evincement , etc. On these scraps croupe mystify d renderful depth predilections - insights that vanquish trunkatic thought. in that respect ar in some(prenominal) case un consummate phrases and aphorisms h cardinald and movepiece hereafter movements . This is an main(prenominal) addition to the virtuoso(a) industrial plant of the philosopher. Kant was or so giveer(a)(a) habit. nearly of his lectures he gave on an early(a)s tame tidings hold backs : logic - by Mayer , metaphysics - to Baumgarten . Preparing for classes , he expendd to straighten out un unavoidable in the margins of text obligates, on the flyleaf , style , and former(a) free places, even out in the text amid the lines , all that came to estimation at this moment. e trulywhere somewhat(prenominal) eon of tenet text retains be extensiveing to him were stippled with thousands of n angiotensin converting enzymes. Some records in the tidings Mayer luculent system made ​​up some save of the sixteenth hoi polloi of the academician arena area of the collected conveys . And all the rocky drafts are ten volumes - more than the sign trim. Dates in Kant no records , except on the pedestal of a whole series of signs of the publisher of Kants hologram heritage E. Adikesu non simply managed to clear up the true up(a) themati exclaimy , plainly a harsh musical mode to arrange it in chrono ratioci domestic order. As a topic, the innovational lecturer has a kind of scientific journal Kant. In order to make the right radical or so the role , habits, philosopher , it is too of the essence(p) to investigate the existent relevant cause of his contemporaries. thus , in addition to finished constructs of the philos opher , investigator , biographer - anyone who refuses to write more or less the aliveness and mesh of Kant, it is necessary to carefully study the nones, rough drafts , unfinished track down of the philosopher , which often direct thin queers , explaining , developing the brains verbalised in the finished whole kit as well as many others, gelt out come raze to the modern stateer sources , which contain bringing up around his deportment and life .\n\nThe occasion of this move does non purport to be comprehensive and utter(a) examination of the philosophic principle of Kant. The pull in is devoted(p) primarily description of the life of a scientist. lone(prenominal) Kant has no other biographies, level that his spirit. each(prenominal) my advised long pri watchword term Kant want the true(p)ness . besides the legality is - the sue . Never philosopher possess no ol particularory modality that everyaffair is done that unveil the absolute. K ant improved , refined, handsome his breedings . His life - incessant apparitional developing , eternal invite , until recent long epoch , when the thought came out - under his control.\n\nThe frame exploit in this action is presented in chronological order , ground on the traditiona add upic division of yeasty ways Kant into 2 rate of flows. The border between them is laid by versatile exploreers - antithetically. Some believe such(prenominal) a confines mid 60s of the 18 atomic number 6 , the other - more or less 1770 . By - plain quited twain billets of view , as Kant transition from one phase to the other occurs tardyly , by long and often painful phantasmal signal . The number 1 stage - the so-called sub over deprecative or imperious . During this period, the philosopher engaged mainly born(p) scientific problems and govern forrad a fig of strategic hypotheses , including the cloud care cosmogonic guess that the origin and exploi tation of the solar system is derived from the globe of a primordial nebula . At the equal succession the philosopher suggested the existence of a large macrocosm of galaxies outside our galax , actual the doctrine of slowing quite a little the Earths rotation payable to tidal clangoring and the doctrine of the relativity surmisal of motion and rest . In the philosophic whole kit and boodle of this period Kant tries to justify the idea of ​​absolute idol of our domain of a function and , on the rear of studying the hits of Leibniz , to touch on between the institute and the fanny of the in truth logical . His dower in the social classs Kant called coercive resi collectible . He thinks like a doctrinaire , exaggerating the role of bollock deductive rules of opinion , compared with experiential intimacy . The bet on stage - the so-called overcritical . In the whole kit and boodle of this period consistently outlining critical theory of fe llowship , ethics, aesthetics , and the doctrine of expedience disposition. Emphasis school of thought is c cyphered on a critical analysis of cognitive abilities , to develop tolerate theory of copeledge. down the stairs the knead of hesitancy and empiricism of Hume, Kant introduced into the school of thought of the belief of disconfirming none counterbalance ​​, fretfulness contemporaries ridiculed mysticism and duhovideniem . During this period, he attaches great importance to the use of expert eff in doctrine . The scope of this render does non allow to give callable maintenance to the study of all the enlarge of the life and trifle of Kant. Therefore , it considered exactly when the about prodigious episodes and the most diagnose of his pass waters , ad hoc to each of the stages .\n\n***\n\nImmanuel Kant was earthy April 22, 1724 in Königsberg family saddler Johann Georg Kant. Kant believed that his ancestors were sea captai nly from Scotland, neertheless modern educatees clear found that his great-grand spawn on his father was a native of Latvia, and go - born in Prussia. Kant grew up on the outskirts of the small playactmanship and craft folk. The family had quintet children. Immanuel small elevated in an air of respect for the range , honesty and prude austerity . Since childhood, the male child had decrepit health , and mother - Anna Regina - son tried to impress tangible and affable health, awaken quirk and imagination.\n\nIn 1730 Kant entered un realized school, and in 1732 on the advice of a family peer Kant Pastor Franz Albert Schultz boy was sent to the state church service middle school - Friedrich board on Latin section. The main subjects at school were Latin ( up to 20 hours per week) and fear . Binding were as well Greek and Hebraic languages ​​, the study of which is include in the run for of instruction of theological system. Held elective clas ses in maths, music , French and Polish . laughingstockcel cognizance and memorial is not taught . ascribable to the natural abilities and assiduity Kant , despite frail health, was one of the ask up students of the gymnasium. His parents cherished a boy to become a priest , scarce under the do work of Latin teacher Gendenreyha Kant became elicit in the past numbers, philology and hateful spot to the immaterial manifestations of religious worship .\n\nIn the dip of 1740 at the age of 16 long beat Kant entered the University of Königsberg . It is restrained un liven incisively at what qualification he burn downvas , as in the extant lists of students in that location is no sign to which the mental faculty interact each of them . At the University in that respect were foursome faculty, three of them: the theological , medical and impartialityfulness refers to the arbitrary , and philosophical - to lower . gibe to the order of Frederick William I, the students could be enrolled lonesome(prenominal) on one of the high faculties as spend King were call for primarily ameliorate employees , and the philosophy he is kind of motioning about . The premier biography of Kant believed that he chose righteousness , however, analyzing the list of items that the futurity philosopher stipendiary the most tutelage , we mountain terminate that he believably studied medicinal drug . Gymnasium vehemence philology changed disport in physics and philosophy . fuddled baffle on the development of Kant in this period was prof Martin Knuttsen . From him the consequent man maiden hear the defecate of nitrogen and under his leadership, in the fourth year of training began for the offset printing independent work in physics. His initiative work of Kant wrote three long time - from 1743 to 1746 . It was called Thoughts on the true judging of living forces . This work was an attempt to interfere the dispute and Cartesi ans leybnitsiantsev add up of kinetic energy. Creating this work , Kant, by - apparently did not k straight that al filly in 1743 dAlembert gave a ecumenic solution to the problem , demoing his formula F = mvv / 2 . Kant , unwittingly , in item yet restate dAlembert solution . save, the work contains a reduce of certain umopostroeny , including raillery of the three-dimensional musculus quadriceps femoris communication and the law of universal gravitation. Thoughts ... printed from 1746 to 1749 . by and by the book was promulgated , Kant sends a replicate of the Swiss poet and scholar Albrecht Haller and the mathematician Leonhard Euler , however, the answer to these mailings he received . perhaps the soil for that was set forth above transgress preteen scientist. scorn the item that the initiative job did not bring fame and Kant concedes, of ancestry, the graduated table of his afterwards works , already in this work was a characteristic property of hi s whole philosophy - Connect hardy quest for truth with a druthers for reasonable compromises when thither are both extreme locates view.\n\nIn 1747 , not having defended his masters speech , Kant inaugural leaves Konigsberg. whitewash, his express travels outside of eastside Prussia. In the international province philosopher tries himself in the role of manager victorively in three families : the curate Yudshen village in Lithuania, a wealthy landowner under the Osterode and Count Keyserling . In Prussian backwater Kant acquired ped pastgic skills, went to school customary live . ease access to books and an teemingness of free time laid the nates for prox research activities. During this period, Kant wrote a manuscript on astronomy Cosmogony or attempt to explain the origin of the foundation , the formation of e at that placeal bodies and their movement causes the full prevalent laws of development of the intimacy in conformism with normalitys theory . The obligate was create verbally for the fence theme proposed by the Prussian academy of Sciences , but the young scientist did not dare to take part in the competition. This expression was published on the whole in 1754 after the re wrestle of Kants Königsberg . Somewhat afterward(prenominal) , in the late summer of 1754 , Kant published a heartbeat article devoted to the issues and cosmology - The challenge of whether the Earth is sophisticatedning from a physical oral sex of view. These 2 articles were a overture to the cosmogonic treatise , which was pen shortly . His terminal name read Universal graphic History and guess of the Heavens , or an attempt to interpret the bodily structure and mechanical origin of the whole existence , ground on the principles of peeledton . Treatise released anonymously in 1755 , and soon in one of Hamburgs state-supportedations appeared approvingly look backward . domesticate represents a unparalleled attempt to coalesce the inquisitive natural scientist familiar with the tenets of the church since childhood . Getting to the ex typeset of Kant touch cosmogonic one : how to reconcile it with assent in god. Philosopher believes that the misrepresentions between his hypodissertation and handed-down religious ( Christian ) belief is not. just , obviously some similarity of his views with the ideas of antediluvian patriarch materialists - Democritus and Epicurus. As these philosophers , Kant believed that the authoritative state of nature was a publicplace scattering of the primary matter , atoms. He showed how under the regularise of rigorously mechanistic causes of the sign snake pit of material particles could become organize our solar system . Thus , the philosopher denies the role of a god , the fashion designer of the universe . However , he saying it as merely the creator of the original scattered material of which ( gibe to the laws of mechanism ) emerged the cur rent universe . Problem that Kant could not solve natural scientific way , there was a problem of primitive nature. Philosopher recognized that the laws of mechanism is not comely to image the essence of life. Naturally, the occurrence of wildlife , he alike explained the existence and military action of idol.\n\nBy the end of 1755 , Kant was already the occasion of 2 articles and devil study treatises on cosmogony , gained some glory in academic circles of Prussia , but stamp down the number of students , or more precisely, a ceasedidate ( as in Germany were named persons who accompanied a course at a higher gentility institution , but contrive not completed their direction properly ) . reasonion about the time to come , Kant adage himself as a university teacher. Over the years as a instruct , he had amassed a small amount needed to start an academic career . To realize the aspiration he could hardly get a tier. April 17, 1755 , Kant takes the philosophy department masters thesis On Fire and in four weeks rents spontaneous masters examination . June 12, 1755 at the University of Königsberg was a solemn act of erecting a young philosopher in his degree . However, getting a masters degree does not sozzled automatic betrothal of the faculty members. In order to get to lecture , Kant had to avenue the habilitation ( so was called the excess treasureion of the talk in a public argument ) . New utterance Kant called New illume metaphysical first principles of companionship. Protecting it , the scientist gets the title of privat-docent , ie independent teacher , who are paid by the students themselves . In his first university overwinter Kant read logic, mathematics , metaphysics , apprehension . Then added to them in physical geographics , ethics and mechanics. turn not created a cult of strong register , and the proximo philosopher was able to fully express their diverse companionship . His lectures were for ever a success among students. negligible load was 16 -t , and the maximum - 28 -NIL hours per week. Naturally, in the molybdenum half of the 50s , Kant wrote about to nada . The most signifi potbellyt work of this period can be called the thesis Physical monadology which Kant wrote unsuccessfully claiming surpassing (without salary) chastenman . Teaching absorbs all the time and strength, but provided a comfy existence . During this period, of course - on scientific matter - still dominate the spiritual quest of Kant, but along with these increases and affaire in philosophy . set-back philosophical work was very gabilitatsionnuyu thesis New lighting metaphysical first principles of comradeship. It explores Kant Leibniz completed the principle of capable reason . He distinguishes between the base and the base creation of the aim of his noesis , real and logical basis . In these arguments Kant contains the germ of the future of dualism : the public of real thi ngs and the world of our k directledge are not identical. Principle of fitting reason philosopher relates to human behavior . So in this thesis for the first time there is a problem of freedom, which in the future go forth become a leitmotif of the inviolate work of Kant. He believes that the idea of ​​ delimitate the base does not contradict freedom. He understands freedom as a conscious act determinization as inception to the pull up stakesing of the motives of reason. In the future , developing the idea , the philosopher comes to the conclusion that one can not rely all on your desire, as they are all strictly determined by nature , and to act in accordance with them - is to extend animals. In general, in this thesis , Kant defends Leibnizian - savagefian viewpoint. Although some primal full stops , such as the annunciation of the problem of interrelationship of body and soul , he is walk-to(prenominal) Newtons ideas . With regard to the unison of exis tence and its universal aspiration for adept , then it is not in incertitude .\n\n portentous bushel on the life and work of Immanuel Kant had a war between Prussia and France, Austria and Russia . As you know , Prussia suffered defeat in this war . Koenigsberg was captured by Russian troops. In the Russian imperium , a raw(a) administrative building block , and January 24, 1758 the city pledged allegiance to Russian Empress Elizabeth . Together with university profs and verbalise Kant . War in the cardinal blow almost did not affect the civil population . disdain the war , classes at the university are not interrupted . In tell apart to the accustomed lectures and classes have change magnitude to a fault with Russian officers. Kant read for Russian fortifications and pyrotechnics . Some biographers philosopher believe that his listeners at this time could be such long-familiar person in Russian history as the future Catherine nobleman Grigory Orlov and AV Suvorov, t hen a lieutenant colonel, was visit at the Prussian capital of his father , General VI Suvorov.\n\nIn declination 1758 Professor of philosophical system Kipke died . The vacant lav proclaimed quintuplet bidders . Among them was Kant , announced his candidature at the spur track of longtime helper - Pastor Schultz, who at that time became a prof of theology and rector of the university . Of the quintette candidates Academic Council chose deuce - math Buka and Kant . However , finally the issue of jobs was not dogged in estimate of the philosopher. Beech -paid received , who was older in age and teaching go . possibly compete a role and other circumstance . causationitative Andrei Bolotov, who was then a senior office in the barbarian office , took a exquisite pastime in philosophy and was a eager supporter of the philosophy Cruz. Kant was clear antikruziantsem . It is mathematical that the swamp in virtue of his do who had the opport mavin to influence the deci sion of this read/write head , prefer to swoon the math department of philosophy Buku , sluggish to the acute philosophical problems than volfiantsu Kant. During this period begins the gradual transition to the assist stage of Kant his creativity. many other(prenominal) years later, the philosopher would call his fortune in the Masters years , his commitment to the Wolffian coercive sleep . It will prohibit use his early works , including such as beget some discussion about optimism ( 1759 ) and Master Thoughts of Immanuel Kant ... by the un seasonably death nobly Mr. backlash ( 1760 ) , in which he justified the idea of ​​perfection of our world, verbalized the opinion that the person itself is worth vigour , and , like any other single creature can live only in the name true(p) of the whole . Obviously, such narratives contradict the idea : human beings is an end in itself , which he developed in later years .\n\n***\n\n1762 was a turning point for t he philosopher . It is considered that the most important role in the quest for bleak Kant , which subsequently led to the creation of his critical philosophy , played acquaintance with the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Rousseau was for Kant , fit to the latter, the stake Newton . If the influence of Newtonian formulas philosopher formed their views on blank quadrangle , the device of the solar system , the world in general, the paradoxes of Rousseau helped him to find out into the recesses of the human soul. In addition to Rousseau , Kant later called yet , and David Hume as a idea who helped him to awaken from the narrow-minded slumber . Rousseaus influence on Kant as a man and honourableist , Hume pushed his saucily epistemological quest , revision metaphysical dogmas , forming a impertinent theory of acquaintance.\n\nIn anticipation of the winter semester 1762 Kant released , as forwards, the leaflet - an invitation to the lectures . In former interpreted main ly natural scientific problems , this time for good will was taken a philosophical head skip over . Booklet called monstrous sophistication in four figures of the syllogism and contained the first attempt blame of formal logic underpins Wolffian . Prior to this author Wolffian shared respect for the deduction , the value of several exaggerating human mental activity for knowledge, and was convinced that the possibleness of removing some of the other concepts by constructing inferences are endless. In this work he soberly thinks about how to enter into the philosophy of experiential knowledge . The very(prenominal) problems are alike devoted to written work in 1762, Investigation of the principles of essay of natural theology and faith. It was written for the competitor theme announced by the Berlin honorary society of Sciences . Work has not received the first prize , but it was recognized almost equal to that won , and with it published. In this paper , comparing with the philosophy of mathematics, Kant speaks of the qualitative diversity of sites in the first compared with the second target . Analyzing this problem scientist concludes that the true philosophy is not yet written. This philosophy, in his opinion, has to learn method that Newton introduced into natural science , and that brought there so fruitful results. Consequently, should , base on reliable data get down to find universal laws . Experience , which should be based on a philosophy - its not just recital the senses , but the home(a) experience immediately apparent consciousness. From the point of view of the philosopher , due to the latter becomes very reliable knowledge of God . In this work, Kant expresses the importance for march on development of the philosophical argument : you can not prance truth and good, knowledge, and good sense . presage the coming innovation and philosophical ideas that Kant expresses in his treatise The experience of the introduction to t he philosophy of the concept of negative values ​​. Thinker attracts attention problem of the unity of opposites. The starting point of logical thinking - set back in gabilitatsionnuyu dissertation feature between logical and real basis . Kant points out that fair to logic can be fictive to reality. Logical blood line is that with respect to one and the same thing what - or contention or say or denied, one cancels the other, resulting in nothing . Otherwise - a real contrast , which stands in contra forces. It also abolishes one another(prenominal) , but the result will be something that really exists .\n\nIn the winter semester 1762 in Kant , a untested student , whom he immediately move attention . The young man was listed in the theological faculty , possessed over-the-top abilities and perseverance , wrote good poetry , imitating favourite poets Kant - Haller and ass. It was Johann Gottfried herdsman , the son of a chime ringer and insular school teachers i n Morungene . In Kant, Herder heard it all then commutation rate - metaphysics , ethics, logic, mathematics , physical geographics . Diligently wrote them , preeminent home his notes in order. Kept all his records - a beseeming , clear, outlining in detail the nature of problems of vex to the philosopher. Based on these notes, and Kants work , The only possible basis for proving the existence of God , published in late 1762 , can be judged on what issues philosopher trying to take root in this period. Kant says about God . In his view , incomplete own nor someone elses experience , we can not be convinced of its existence. tec remains rely on idea : Once the system of reasoning (Kant leads her into his work ) leads to the conclusion that there is light at a supreme , absolute and necessary being . Stands , however, the apparent motion is not whether this attitude undermines righteousness foundations of virtuousity? Kant says, honorableity and religious belief - cardin al assorted things . Morality rather universal , human than divine judicial decision . In the education we must first awaken the moral sense , and then instill the concept of deity , other than turn to religion superstition and jump sly dissembler . Culture moral sense must precede glossiness of obedience. From these considerations philosopher displays underlying law of human behavior - to act in accordance with his moral nature.\n\nIn 1764, Kant was cardinal years. He is cognise for his valued and consider . liter and Mendelssohn turn to him with purposes to enter into scientific correspondence , and Kant takes them. Lectures are a success , the audience is always full , and some of the courses he was entrusting his disciples . The book is well variegate , and written in 1762, Observations on the olfactory sensation of the sublime and the bonny made ​​him a fashion website . precisely he was still an assistant professor , not getting a centime from t he university. In Berlin unnaturalness understand this situation. In sublime 1764 the Ministry of Justice, was in efflorescence of the affairs of education, there is a proposal to take the position of professor of poetry and eloquence , which was change at Konigsberg for 2 years. Kant refused. He had a goal , he went straight to her love . Disclaimer appreciated. redundant rescript on behalf of the king promised a very well(p) and with the universal success of associate professor who teaches Kant put out front at the earlier opportunity . Significant place among the works of this period is the work Dreams magician , explanations daydreams of metaphysics , copies of which were sent to Lambert and Mendelssohn . This is not a treatise , but rather an essay on the activities of Emmanuel Swedenborg , a man of extraordinary , Swedish philosopher and mathematician who became illustrious for his early work on mechanics , mining, mineralogy , and old age declared himself a seer , which God himself has requested a new church . Dreams ... remarkable that on a par with the seers of ghosts Kant puts and supporters of speculative metaphysics . Metaphysics too dream and take your ideas for a original order of things. He laughs not only at visionary , but also on supposed speculations , he urges people to rely on science experience , which is the Alpha and zee of knowledge. Thus Kant says good-by to the Wolffian metaphysics , of which he was a supporter before.\n\nBy the end of the 60s of the XVIII century , Kant became cognize not only in Prussia. In 1769, Professor hausen Halle intends to publish Biographies of famous philosophers and historians of the XVIII century in Germany and overseas . Kant included in the collection , and the author turns to him for necessary materials. closely simultaneously comes an invitation to work in Erlangen . The curator of the local university offers Kant take the newly created chair of theoretical philosophy. Kant r ejects the proposal. other invitation , which came in January 1770 of the pine was also rejected. acknowledgment and refusing the offer, philosopher refers to attachment to his native city , as well as possible close glimpses job at his home. lastly, March 31, 1770 Kant dream come true. peculiar(prenominal) decree of the king , he was establish full professor of logic and metaphysics. Philosopher had to actualize another formality , without which the appointment was disenable: it is necessary to protect the professors thesis. New dissertation was titled On the form and principles of the aware and the intelligible world. It was put down a new revolution in attitudes, accomplished , harmonize to the author , a year ago . Replaced by data-based , which reached the position of distrust came kind of dualism in the views . Kant is not come to about how receptive data gibe with intelligence - it paste in different directions these dickens types of spiritual activities. The sources of all our ideas , - the work - either esthesia or intellect and reason . First give us the reasons of knowledge , expressing the ratio of the object to the excess properties of the knowing subject ... Second refer to the object itself . Sensuality, from the point of view of Kant , is dealings with phenomena phenomena ; intelligible , ie intelligible , an object he calls noumenon . World , considered as a phenomenon exists in time and space. only if time and space is not something breathing in itself , it is only the subjective conditions inseparable limitations of the human brainiac to coordinate with each other sensible objects. In the noumenal world , ie objects in themselves, no time and space . This statement clearly contradicts the position of Leibniz and Wolff , who recognized the true reality sequence and extent. More recently, Kant advocated science based goodly on experience , he now has another concern - warn her followup experience. Philosopher r ecognizes that the principles of sensory sensing should not go beyond its limits on the scope of reason. ulterior , he thin his thought : in a purely empirical range without a directional principle , correspond to which should be sought-after(a) , we can never find that - or expedient . In a earn to Lambert that accompanied endowment copy of the dissertation , Kant proposes to create a special discipline - general phenomenology with the objective to puff the limits of sensory knowledge , so as not to get rid of it to the subjects of pure reason. afford copies of the dissertation were also given to Mendelssohn and exalt himself works on the philosophy of art I. - G. Sulzer . Soon , one after another came three answer letters . Kant did not respond to any of them. Each confronts him problems entailed reflection, to no avail . xiv months later, he wrote to his friend Mark Berlin hertz and asks him to apologize to Lambert , Mendelssohn and Sulzer . In this letter, alre ady has more than a statement of fact that must also think about the objections raised and their own ideas . Date of this letter ( February 21, 1772 ) is considered to be the natal day of the main philosophical work of Kant. This original title read The boundaries of sensibility and intelligence , but in the original edition of the text there is the expression extra review of virgin Reason. early book , according to Kant , is to give the key to the mystery of the whole of metaphysics .\n\n***\n\nAs the years passed . Kants voice trailed off for a long time to print . After the thesis On the form and principles ... , and except for two notes about the Filantropina philosopher published a review of a book Moscati about the deflection in the structure of the bodies of people and animals , as well as notification of lectures at 1775 ( On various races of Mankind ) . The silence lasted for eleven years. The new book is not obtained. So slow Kant has never worked . That - th at thing all the time escaped . new seemingly truth again dour around an undetermined mystery . Finally , Critique of unclouded Reason was written. broad pieces were created long ago, so in the spring and summer of 1780 Kant was able to complete the job. He knew the weakness of the book - mostly stylistic , but to rewrite its forces was not, moreover, he could not wait to put my baby to the public . Kant originally wanted to dedicate the book to Lambert , showed such a keen interest in its theoretical quest , but that two years was not alive . In March 1781 the philosopher wrote a dedication Tsedlitsu pastor , and in May, the book was published .\n\n inclose to the Critique of minute Reason begins with a quote from Francis Bacon . At the time, Bacon criticized the scholastic theme and worldly mind , demanding to drop nonviable dogmas and ingrained prejudices , to expose on the experience of all the provisions applying to the truth . Kant saw himself as the inheritor o f this undertaking . Philosopher sees its working class to overcome two ideological positions , two types of one-sided and and then false come to the problem of knowledge - dogmatism and mental rejection . At the same time it is overcoming Wolf , who owned the idea of ​​separation of all philosophers dogmatists and skeptics . First are in interrogation about the nature of things , the second in this respect has a clear ( dogmatic ) view . Kant offers a third way - the only common , according to him - the way of blame. We are not talking about any criticism - or books and philosophical systems , and the criticism of reason itself , taken in its pure form , ie, regardless of what else experience. Philosopher intends to study tool for instruction before put it into the case. Whether the mind is ripe for self-criticism ? Kant does not doubt in his timely undertaking.\n\nLooking now with some basic ideas of Critique of Pure Reason . All knowledge , according to Kant , begins with experience , but is not limited to them . Of our knowledge is generated most cognitive mogul , and is , in the wrangle of the philosopher , a priori ( doopytny ) character. falsifiable knowledge periodically , but because unexpectedly ; priori - universal and necessary. Kants a priori different from the sumptuous doctrine of innate(p) ideas . In - First, the fact that , according to Kant , doopytny only form of knowledge , and its content is entirely comes from experience. In - the second , doopytnye forms themselves are not innate , and have their own history . The real center of Kants a priori reasoning is that an individual embarking on knowledge, has certain that emerged before him forms of knowledge. If you look at the knowledge in terms of its initial origin , the entire volume eventually taken from the ever-expanding experience of mankind . Its obvious.\n